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As stated in  of the APUO collective agreement, and  of the APTPUO collective agreement, the professor generally retains the copyright to materials created, including for online courses.

The main exception is in cases where the employer has made a specific request to the professor, and where this request has been agreed to by the professor. An example of this would be a case in which the University pays a professor an additional lump sum for the creation of course content for which the University wishes to own the copyright.

Copyright, a form of intellectual property, generally gives copyright-owners the right to control the reproduction of their work, within certain limits.

While potentially helpful in protecting copyright in course materials, purely technological solutions are not addressed in this document.

a. Copyright notices and/or watermarks

Labelling materials as copyright-protected can serve as a useful reminder to users that they are not permitted to reproduce course materials without permission from the professor. This can take the form of a simple block of text at the start of a document, and/or a watermark applied to every page.

Example:

French version

Le matériel que vous recevez pour ce cours est protégé par le droit d’auteur et ne devrait être utilisé que dans le cadre de ce même cours. Vous n’avez pas la permission de télécharger ce matériel de cours vers d’autres sites Web. Cela inclut tout enregistrement de cours que vous pourriez détenir. Si vous désirez des clarifications, veuillez s’il vous plaît consulter votre professeur.

© [Inscrire votre nom]. Tous droits réservés.

English version

The materials you receive for this course are protected by copyright and to be used for this course only. You do not have permission to upload the course materials, including any lecture recordings you may have, to any website. If you require clarification, please consult your professor.

© [Insert name]. All rights reserved.

b. Communications with students and awareness building

Beyond simply reminding students of the existence of copyright in course materials, either directly or via a copyright notice/watermark, it can be helpful to provide more context as to the importance and potential impact of infringement.

A discussion with students, including an opportunity for them to ask any questions and obtain clarifications, can go a long way towards sensitizing them on the topic.

Key discussion points:

• Copyright (and intellectual property more broadly) is important as a mechanism for rewarding creators and ensuring their compensation, as well as their control over their work. Students themselves are copyright owners for many things they create, including their assignments, social media content, etc. Nobody enjoys it when their content is exploited without permission or compensation.
• Copyright infringement is a legal offence, which can lead to serious financial and reputational consequences.
• Uploading course materials to a content sharing website can, in many cases, be an instance of academic fraud as well as copyright infringement. This could lead to failure of a course, suspension, or even expulsion. Instances of academic fraud are also often included on a student’s transcript, and this will follow them for life.
• Should students need additional help or support with their courses, many legitimate resources are available at the University, such as the Student Academic Success Service, tutoring, and study groups.

c. Take-down requests

There may be instances in which professors discover that some of their course materials have already been uploaded to the Internet in the past. In such cases, the best approach is to request a takedown of the materials in question. Different sites have different procedures (some will have automated forms, while others require an email to be sent) but the vast majority of websites will respect a takedown request from the legitimate owner of the copyright to the materials in question.

Broadly, all that is needed in such a request is to specify exactly which content needs taking down, and to certify that the person making this request is in fact the owner of the copyright to the content. In general, the University is not legally entitled to make these requests as it is not the copyright owner (professors are), but the  remains available for questions or assistance.

In circumstances where certain forms of sharing are acceptable but others are not,  (OA) licences can be a very useful tool. The most commonly-used OA licences are .

In general, OA licences permit sharing of materials, but only along specific conditions. Therefore, a copyright owner can decide in which ways sharing their materials will be permitted, while retaining the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.

The availability of OA-licensed materials is also helpful to students, as it maximizes the affordability of course content.

Different options are available when selecting an OA licence. In the case of Creative Commons licences, the most important choices are whether commercial use will be allowed, and whether derivative works based on the original materials can be created and shared. Simply use the  to select the right licence for your needs. Alternatively, contact the  or the Copyright Office for assistance.